One second in one hundred years raises a difficult question. In a century of technological and scientific progress, sprinting has barely improved.

As openly enhanced competitions enter the public eye, debate has focused on morality and risk. This article examines a different question: what human performance actually depends on — and why technique, not chemistry, ultimately governs its limits.

We use the word ‘standard’ on daily basis, we’re all very familiar with its meaning. Here’s a quick sample of the meaning given in a dictionary just so we’re on the same page: standard |ˈstandərd| noun 1 a level of quality or attainment 2 an idea or thing used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations: the wages are low by today’s standards | the system had become an industry standard. • (standards) principles of conduct informed by notions of honor and decency: a decline in moral standards. • a form of language that is widely accepted as…

All human movement is gravity-dependent. Whether you’re running, swimming, walking to your car or reaching for milk in your refrigerator – you’re moving under the influence of gravity.